General polymer chemistry lecture notes this note explains the following topics. A brief introduction to polymer material science is given in the following subsections. Thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers are the two types of plastic. The practical approach in chemistry series organocopper reagents edited by richard j. The ultimate natural polymers are the deoxyribonucleic acid dna and ribonucleic acid rna that define life. The monomers are esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid. The first plastic based on a synthetic polymer was made from phenol and formaldehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invented in 1907, by leo hendrik baekeland, a belgianborn american living in new york state. Download a pdf of this page science of plastics definition plastics are a group of materials, either synthetic or naturally occurring, that may be shaped when soft and then hardened to retain the given shape. Over the last century, synthetic polymers have become ubiquitous, used in areas ranging from medicine through to. These weak binding forces permit the polymer to be stretched.
We shall study synthetic polymers in this interchapter and natural. This is the polymer that makes grocery bags, shampoo bottles, childrens toys, and even bullet proof vests. Acrylic polymers can be sterilized with ethylene oxide, gamma, and ebeam radiation. Remember that magnificent, elegant periodic table of chemical elements that lists the building blocks of everything on earth. In other words, while other elements might be present, plastics always include carbon and hydrogen. They cannot be softened and remolded without destruction of the polymer because covalent bonds are broken. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p currently this section contains no detailed description for the page, will update this page soon. They are a main constituent of our food starch, protein, etc. In chapter 1 it was shown that metals, polymers and ceramics have contrasting physical and chemical properties. Thermosets usually are threedimensional networked polymers in which there is a high degree of crosslinking between polymer chains.
Baekeland was looking for an insulating shellac to coat wires in electric motors and generators. The underlying objective of this discussion is to simply define. While polymer can be either biological or inorganic, plastic cannot. To this end, an identification coding system was developed by the society of the plastics industry spi in 1988, and is used internationally. Polymer chemistry an introduction international student edition pdf. An additional polymer made from the monomer propylene, it is rugged and unusually resistant to many chemical solvents, bases, and acids. A thermosetting plastic, or thermoset, solidifies or sets irreversibly when heated. Environmental and health hazards of chemicals in plastic. Whether used as fuels or a source of recycled plastic, plastic waste must be separated into different categories. Where earlier editions covered organic polymer chemistry, the third edition covers both physical and organic chemistry. Polymers synthetic 1 thermoplastics plastics linear, some cross linking can be melted and reformed on heating a amorphous no ordered structure b semi crystalline compo sed of microscopic crystallites domains of crystalline structure. Polymers are formed through a process known as polymerization, in which monomer molecules are bonded together through a chemical reaction that results in a. Polyethylene is considered to be as one of the simplest polymer, it has ethene or ethylene as the monomer unit whereas the linear polymer is known as the high density polyethylenehdpe. Aircraft windows, plastic signs, and lighting panels are very common applications.
Thermoplastics plastics linear, some cross linking. Plastics that undergo reversible polymerization allow. Code 7 is used to designate miscellaneous types of. Harris wright state university, dayton, oh 45435 polymers are extremely large molecules that are essential to our very existence. Bakelite, the first synthetic polymer bakelite, a phenolformaldehyde polymer, was the first completely synthetic plastic, first made by leo baekeland in 1907.
Polymer chemistry is a core chemistry topic that applies prior knowledge of key concepts such as bonding and basic organic chemistry. This is the general formula of acrylates r h for acrylates, r ch 3 for methacrylates. In 1920, hermann staudinger, then professor of organic chemistry at the eigenossische technische hochschule in zurich, created a stir in the international chemical community when he postulated that materials such as natural rubber have very high molecular weights. At about the same time, giulio natta italian made the first isotactic and crystalline polyethylene. By the end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced worldwide about 2% of the wood used, and nearly 5% of the oil harvested to fulfill the. Recycled plastics are lowvalue commodities due to residual impurities and the degradation of polymer properties with each cycle of reuse. Cbse chemistry chapter 15 class 12 polymers revision notes in our ncert revision notes for class 12 chemistry chapter 15 polymers, you will take a quick look. Chemically, thermoset plastics are crosslinked polymers. For example, biomimetic approaches and combinatorial chemistry will certainly claim a more prominent place in the polymer chemists toolbox. Rubber has small m at room temperature ball bounces at low t, m much larger rubber ball in liquid n 2 shatters when bounced hard plastic also, plastics heated above room temperature are less stiff.
Polyvinyl chloride pvc is the thirdmost widely produced plastic, after polyethylene and polypropylene. Polyethylene is the most popular plastic in the world. Types of synthetic organic polymers introduction to chemistry. Chemistry organic chemistry engineering biomedical engineering materials science polymers and plastics. A thermoset is a polymer that solidifies or sets irreversibly when heated or cured. Reactive diluent or monomer styrene commonly 060% typically 3545% viscosity control lower cost improve wetting behavior initiator catalyst1 to 3%. Polymer is often used as a synonym for plastic, but many biological and. Inorganic polymer chemistry pdf 30p this note covers the following topics. Functional polymers and sequential copolymers by phase transfer catalysis. Synthetic polymers are humanmade polymers derived from petroleum oil. Baekeland and an assistant started their research in 1904 looking for a synthetic substitute for shellac. Plastics and natural materials such as rubber or cellulose are composed of very large molecules called polymers. Macromolecules in solution, real polymer chains, polymer chains and excluded volume effects, partial molar and partial specific quantities, florykrigbaum theory of dilute polymer solutions, staudingermarkhouwinks equation, solutions of macromolecules, ultra.
A few crosslinks are introduced in between the chains, which help the polymer to retract to its original position. Cbse chemistry chapter 15 class 12 polymers revision notes in our ncert revision notes for class 12 chemistry chapter 15 polymers, you will take a quick look at the classification of polymers based on their. How plastic are made to make todays plastics, chemists start with various elements atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and so on derived from natural resources. Design of biomaterials using genetic engineering and. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p download book. History and physical chemistry of hdpe polyethylene is characterized as a semicrystalline polymer, made up of crystalline regions and amorphous regions. Polymer science and technology has developed tremendously over the last few decades, and the production of polymers and plastics products has increased at a remarkable pace. This clear, colorless polymer is widely used in place of glass, where its greater impact resistance, lighter weight, and machineability are advantages.
Isaacs preparation of alkenes edited by jonathan m. It is normally copolymerized with other substances to improve its properties. Acrylic copolymers and blends can be tailored to have excellent. Taylor macrocycle synthesis edited by david parker highpressure techniques in chemistry and physics edited by wilfried b. You combine many monomers one unit to create a polymer. Plastic is any synthetic or semisynthetic organic polymer. The word was coined by swedish chemist jons jacob berzelius 17791848 in 1833, although with a slightly different meaning from the modern definition. The terms polymer and monomer were derived from the greek roots poly many. Hermann staudinger foundation of polymer science landmark. When the connection of the carbon atoms forms two and threedimensional networks instead of onedimension chains, the polymer will be a thermoset plastic.
Resin prepolymer oligomer 40 to 100% typically 5565% provides polymer properties, including modulus, toughness, glass transition temperature, and durability. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres. We can provide analytical services from basic characterization of materials to investigations involving complex problems. Free polymer chemistry books download ebooks online textbooks. Using this article in class capitalises on the considerable attention plastic waste has gained in the popular media. A cross link is a chemical bond between polymer chains other than at the ends. Recent syllabus changes have added challenge to this area. Polymers are constructed from relatively small molecular fragments known as monomers that are joined together wool, cotton, silk, wood and leather are examples of natural polymers that have been known and used since ancient times. This textbook also covers such hot topics as photonic polymers, electricity conducting polymers, polymeric materials for immobilization of reagents. Polymers are those which consists of repeated structural units known as monomers. Thermoset plastics are materials that melt initially but on further heating become permanently hardened. Polymer synthesis an overview sciencedirect topics. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry.
Apr 22, 2019 recycled plastics are lowvalue commodities due to residual impurities and the degradation of polymer properties with each cycle of reuse. A polymer is a substance made of many repeating units. Plastic is a purely synthetic, manmade material, but it does often incorporate polymer into its composition. Roughly 75% of the plastics used in this country can be categorized as one of six types, or the big six. Raw materials form monomers that can be or are used to form unit cells. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Cross links are extremely important in determining physical properties because they. Items such as disposable coffee cups, plastic food boxes, plastic cutlery and packing foam are made from ps. Similar to the relationship between a raw and a cooked egg, a cooked egg cannot revert back to its original form once heated, and a thermoset polymer cant be softened once set. Coote, in advances in physical organic chemistry, 2015.
While plastics may be made from just about any organic polymer, most industrial plastic is made from petrochemicals. When we combine monomers, we generate polymers or plastics. Basically a polymer is made up of many repeating molecular units. Using this article in class capitalises on the considerable attention. Want to find crash course elsewhere on the internet.
The chemistry class 12 polymers notes pdf covers all the key points required for your examination. Currently, more than 60,000 plastics are manufactured for industrial and commercial purposes. By the end of 2000, nearly 200 million tons per year of plastic materials were produced worldwide. Composite coatings based on linear and branched block copolymers for hydroxyapatite deposition in simulated bodyfluid. Polyethylene is probably the polymer you see most in daily life.
Types of synthetic organic polymers introduction to. Plastic bottles, films, cups, and fibers are thermoplastic plastics. The esters can contain functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino and amido. Recycling and disposal of polymers chemistry libretexts. One of the major breakthroughs in polymer chemistry occurred in the early 1950s when the german chemist karl ziegler discovered a group of catalysts that could efficiently polymerize ethylene. The crosslinking restricts the motion of the chains and leads to a rigid material. Synthesis of a dripping agent based on lauric acid diethanolamide and delaying its migration in lldpe films. The word polymer comes from the greek prefix poly, which means many, and the suffix mer, which means parts. Steam sterilization is unsuitable for acrylic resins as they would warp and deform because of their low glass transition temperatures table 7. Synthetic polymers are those which are humanmade polymers.
Transformation of a monotropic mesophase into an enantiotropic one by increasing the molecular weight of the polymer and by copolymerization. Polystyrene is commonly recycled, but is difficult to do. Synthetic polymers types and examples polymer uses. Polymer mass bonding polarity boiling point density volume polymerization materials. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. Thus kinetics and thermodynamics of polymerization reactions are discussed. Polymer chemistry, sixth edition nanjing university. The objective of polymer synthesis is to efficiently assemble macromolecules with precisely controlled structures, so as to maximize their utility for a given application.
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